Course: Quantitative Reasoning & Analysis
Required Readings:
Frankfort-Nachmias, C., & Leon-Guerrero, A. (2015). Social statistics for a diverse society (7th ed.).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Chapter 9, “Testing Hypothesis” (pp. 267–277)
Wagner, W. E. (2016). Using IBM® SPSS® statistics for research methods and social science statistics (6th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Chapter 6, “Testing Hypotheses Using Means and Cross-Tabulation”
Warner, R. M. (2012). Applied statistics from bivariate through multivariate techniques (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Chapter 3, “Statistical Significance Testing” (pp. 81– 124)
Magnusson, K. (n.d.). Welcome to Kristoffer Magnusson’s blog about R, Statistics, Psychology, Open Science, Data Visualization [blog]. Retrieved from http://rpsychologist.com/index.html
American Statistical Association (2016). American Statistical Association Releases Statement on Statistical Significance and P-Values. Retrieved from http://www.amstat.org/newsroom/pressreleases/P- ValueStatement.pdf (See attachment)
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To prepare for this Discussion: Review the Learning Resources related to hypothesis testing, meaningfulness, and statistical significance. Review Magnusson’s web blog found in the Learning Resources to further your visualization and understanding of statistical power and significance testing. Review the American Statistical Association’s press release and consider the misconceptions and misuse of p-values.<br>Consider the scenario: A research paper claims a meaningful contribution to the literature based on finding statistically significant relationships between predictor and response variables. In the footnotes, you see the following statement, “given this research was exploratory in nature, traditional levels of significance to reject the null hypotheses were relaxed to the .10 level.”
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Discussion Question:
Provide your response to the scenario in which you critically evaluate this footnote. As a reader/reviewer, what response would you provide to the authors about this footnote?
Be sure to support your Main Post and Response Post with reference to the week’s Learning Resources and other scholarly evidence in APA Style. Also, please ensure to utilize the grading rubric for this assignment (attached). You can also use up to two sources if needed.
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Thursday, 7 September 2017
Quantitative Reasoning & Analysis: Evaluating Significance of Findings
To prepare for this Assignment: Review the Week 5 Scenarios found in this week’s Learning Resources and select two of the four scenarios for this assignment. ========================================
Assignment Instructions: Critically evaluate the two scenarios you selected based upon the following points: Critically evaluate the sample size
Critically evaluate the statements for meaningfulness. Critically evaluate the statements for statistical significance. Based on your evaluation, provide an explanation of the implications for social change.Use proper APA format and citations, and referencing.
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Assignment Instructions: Critically evaluate the two scenarios you selected based upon the following points: Critically evaluate the sample size
Critically evaluate the statements for meaningfulness. Critically evaluate the statements for statistical significance. Based on your evaluation, provide an explanation of the implications for social change.Use proper APA format and citations, and referencing.
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Researching Information
Write an Essay entitled “Researching Information”, designed to help future students.
The essay should cover the following headings:
• Methods of Researching Information
• Copyright and Plagiarism
• Referencing
Essay
Guidance Notes:
As a guideline this piece of work should be 1000 words in length.
Draft submissions are not required.
Methods of researching Information –
- You should choose a topic to research, relating to your chosen healthcare career.
- Evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of researching information from a textbook and a free internet search engine plus two of the following:
• A TV / Radio Programme
• College Virtual Learning Environment
• Professional Journal
• Newspaper
- You should explain your findings, giving examples from your research
Copyright and Plagiarism –
- Explain the key features of copyright laws that affect researching information
- Discuss the issues relating to plagiarism and copyright of electronic materials
Referencing –
- Explain the need to reference and two types of conventional referencing
Within your essay you must reference the sources of your information in Harvard Referencing style.
You should reference at least four different sources from the following resource types; a book, a journal, an internet source, a newspaper, a government report or a legal document.
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Reading SEC comment letter correspondence
The objective of this assignment is to introduce you to researching accounting issues that were the subject of SEC comment letters. Reading SEC comment letter correspondence is a common practice among companies for benchmarking purposes, as described in Chapter 3 of the Collins text. It relates to step 1 of the research process to help you gain an understanding of certain accounting issues and their background. Comment letter correspondence may be used as non-authoritative guidance as outlined in Chapter 5. Finally, in this assignment, you will practice citing the Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) - see Chapter 4 for guidance on effective documentation.
Go to the SEC website and search for a comment letter case involving an accounting issue of your choice. You can use the EDGAR full-text search tool at https://searchwww.sec.gov/EDGARFSClient/jsp/EDGAR_MainAccess.jsp. The form type for SEC comment letters is “UPLOAD” and the form type for company response letters is “CORRESP”.
Note that each comment letter case may go through multiple rounds of comment letters from the SEC and ensuing response letters from the company until it is resolved. Ensure that you start reading the SEC comment letter that initiated the case (the subsequent letters reference a previous comment letter or response). Note also, that each set of comment letter correspondence may focus on multiple accounting issues. Just choose one that you think is interesting (you will have to explain why it is interesting later). You will submit a memo summarizing the comment letter case and answering the detailed questions below.
You may discuss any aspect of this assignment with your peers, but each student must choose his/ her own comment letter case and submit his/ her own memo answering all the questions. Upload your memo via SafeAssign in BlackBoard prior to the next class on September 13th.
______________________________________________________________________________
Required
Use your own words as far as possible to avoid plagiarism issues and answer the following questions. General memo format may be used, but don’t worry too much about the format, just be clear. There is no minimum length requirement, so make it as concise as possible while fully addressing each question. Be thorough. Think critically and don’t be shy about sharing your opinion.
1. Please list the following information at the top of your memo:
a. The name of the company that received an SEC comment letter.
b. The company’s central index key (CIK). This number is found on the company’s main EDGAR page. For example, PulteGroup’s CIK is 0000822416.
c. The date of the original SEC comment letter containing the issue of interest.
d. The dates of any subsequent SEC comment letters related to the issue.
e. The dates of all company response letters.
2. What is the accounting issue you found, and why did you find it to be interesting? In other words, what about the issue was novel or subjective?
3. How did the SEC staff identify the accounting issue? Note this will require you to read the section of the original disclosure filing (e.g. 10-K, S-1, etc.) that the SEC staff cites in its initial comment letter to the company under review. Examples of triggers for comments could be unclear disclosures, complex transactions, or questionable accounting practices (estimates, assumptions, etc.).
4. How was the comment letter case resolved? The company may have satisfied the SEC by providing additional information to justify their accounting, they may have committed to additional disclosure in a future filing, or they may have amended the disclosure filing being reviewed, which may have included a restatement to the financial statements.
5. Out of the all the accounting guidance cited in the comment letter correspondence, what do you think was the key to resolving the issue, and how was it applied to this case? Practice citing the Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) - see Chapter 4 of the Collins text for guidance on effective documentation.
6. Do you agree with the resolution of the issue or do you think a different accounting position could be supported? Provide the basis for your conclusion.
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Go to the SEC website and search for a comment letter case involving an accounting issue of your choice. You can use the EDGAR full-text search tool at https://searchwww.sec.gov/EDGARFSClient/jsp/EDGAR_MainAccess.jsp. The form type for SEC comment letters is “UPLOAD” and the form type for company response letters is “CORRESP”.
Note that each comment letter case may go through multiple rounds of comment letters from the SEC and ensuing response letters from the company until it is resolved. Ensure that you start reading the SEC comment letter that initiated the case (the subsequent letters reference a previous comment letter or response). Note also, that each set of comment letter correspondence may focus on multiple accounting issues. Just choose one that you think is interesting (you will have to explain why it is interesting later). You will submit a memo summarizing the comment letter case and answering the detailed questions below.
You may discuss any aspect of this assignment with your peers, but each student must choose his/ her own comment letter case and submit his/ her own memo answering all the questions. Upload your memo via SafeAssign in BlackBoard prior to the next class on September 13th.
______________________________________________________________________________
Required
Use your own words as far as possible to avoid plagiarism issues and answer the following questions. General memo format may be used, but don’t worry too much about the format, just be clear. There is no minimum length requirement, so make it as concise as possible while fully addressing each question. Be thorough. Think critically and don’t be shy about sharing your opinion.
1. Please list the following information at the top of your memo:
a. The name of the company that received an SEC comment letter.
b. The company’s central index key (CIK). This number is found on the company’s main EDGAR page. For example, PulteGroup’s CIK is 0000822416.
c. The date of the original SEC comment letter containing the issue of interest.
d. The dates of any subsequent SEC comment letters related to the issue.
e. The dates of all company response letters.
2. What is the accounting issue you found, and why did you find it to be interesting? In other words, what about the issue was novel or subjective?
3. How did the SEC staff identify the accounting issue? Note this will require you to read the section of the original disclosure filing (e.g. 10-K, S-1, etc.) that the SEC staff cites in its initial comment letter to the company under review. Examples of triggers for comments could be unclear disclosures, complex transactions, or questionable accounting practices (estimates, assumptions, etc.).
4. How was the comment letter case resolved? The company may have satisfied the SEC by providing additional information to justify their accounting, they may have committed to additional disclosure in a future filing, or they may have amended the disclosure filing being reviewed, which may have included a restatement to the financial statements.
5. Out of the all the accounting guidance cited in the comment letter correspondence, what do you think was the key to resolving the issue, and how was it applied to this case? Practice citing the Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) - see Chapter 4 of the Collins text for guidance on effective documentation.
6. Do you agree with the resolution of the issue or do you think a different accounting position could be supported? Provide the basis for your conclusion.
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Case Study Submission
Form of assignment
The assignment is to be written as a submission to your law firm, setting out both (1) the relevant and strongest grounds of review and (2) the most advisable avenues of review available. There must be correct and full citations to the relevant legislation and case law, as per the Australian Guide to Legal Citation.
Part 1: Non-judicial review
This part requires advice on the availability of, and best options for, informal review, internal review, FOI, Ombudsman and tribunal review of the administrative decision.
A. You must outline the merits issues and legal issues that you consider relevant. Such issues must be supported by references in the footnotes to the relevant legislation, guidelines and cases.
B. Reference must be made to the legislative sections covering the procedures and application fees for these actions, and what procedures your client should expect at each step, and how long the review process could take.
Part 2: Judicial Review
This part requires advice on the possibility of challenging, via judicial review, the decision made by the original decision maker or relevant tribunal.
A. You must advise whether your client has standing, and which courts have jurisdiction.
B. You must outline the grounds that may be open to challenge the administrative decision, indicating which you think are the strongest grounds.
C. No reference is needed to the remedies that are available, but the likely time and fees of any action must be indicated.
Remember: non-judicial review is also based on the relevant legislation and cases. Any legal argument already made in Part 1 should not be repeated, but instead referred back to.
Fact Scenario
Your client, Jasmine is a WSU student who opposes the plans of the federal government to increase student fees and impose further financial cuts on universities. She applied in writing within the required time period under the Freedom of Information Act 1982 (Cth) (FOI Act) for access to (a) the federal Education Minister’s diary in a ‘weekly format’ for the three months leading up to the 9 May 2017 budget and (b) any background or briefing documents referred to in the diary relating to the preparation of the budget.
In a written notice, within the time specified by the Act, the Minister’s office refused access to the material, stating as its reasons:
(1) The diary was exempt from disclosure because its entire contents, including references to meetings with department officials and other cabinet ministers, were private, not intended for public release and did not pertain to government affairs.
(2) Even if parts of the diary were covered by the Act, it would take an estimated 600 hours to determine which parts of the diary were not exempt, and this would unreasonably interfere with the work of the Minister and unreasonably divert the resources of his Chief of Staff, who was the only person in the Minister’s office delegated to respond to FOI requests.
(3) Even if parts of the diary were covered by the Act, both the diary and any background or briefing documents referred to in the diary are exempt from disclosure as deliberative processes documents.
The notice offered Jasmine a two-day consultation period in which to consult with the Chief of Staff about possibly revising her request, provided that she come to Canberra for the consultation because the issues were too confidential to discuss on the phone or on-line.
Jasmine replied in writing, rejecting the consultation offer as inadequate, financially prohibitive and insulting, and stating that she did not wish to review her request because she was determined to expose the government’s political agenda to slash education funding.
After receiving Jasmine’s response, the Minister told parliament that she had no intention of giving Jasmine access to any documents because Jasmine was a ‘radical activist’ and a ‘socialist’ whose motives were to cause public confusion, embarrass the government and incite a rebellion among students.
Jasmine now wants to challenge the decision by the Minister’s office to refuse her FOI requests.
This assignment requires research to find the relevant legislation, guidelines and cases. In your submission, you must examine, apply or distinguish all applicable cases, including (but not limited to) the following decisions:
Dreyfus and Attorney-General (Commonwealth of Australia) (Freedom of Information) [2015] AATA 995
The Australian and Prime Minister of Australia [2016] AlCmr 84
Paul Farrell and Prime Minister of Australia (Freedom of Information) [2017] AlCmr 44
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The assignment is to be written as a submission to your law firm, setting out both (1) the relevant and strongest grounds of review and (2) the most advisable avenues of review available. There must be correct and full citations to the relevant legislation and case law, as per the Australian Guide to Legal Citation.
Part 1: Non-judicial review
This part requires advice on the availability of, and best options for, informal review, internal review, FOI, Ombudsman and tribunal review of the administrative decision.
A. You must outline the merits issues and legal issues that you consider relevant. Such issues must be supported by references in the footnotes to the relevant legislation, guidelines and cases.
B. Reference must be made to the legislative sections covering the procedures and application fees for these actions, and what procedures your client should expect at each step, and how long the review process could take.
Part 2: Judicial Review
This part requires advice on the possibility of challenging, via judicial review, the decision made by the original decision maker or relevant tribunal.
A. You must advise whether your client has standing, and which courts have jurisdiction.
B. You must outline the grounds that may be open to challenge the administrative decision, indicating which you think are the strongest grounds.
C. No reference is needed to the remedies that are available, but the likely time and fees of any action must be indicated.
Remember: non-judicial review is also based on the relevant legislation and cases. Any legal argument already made in Part 1 should not be repeated, but instead referred back to.
Fact Scenario
Your client, Jasmine is a WSU student who opposes the plans of the federal government to increase student fees and impose further financial cuts on universities. She applied in writing within the required time period under the Freedom of Information Act 1982 (Cth) (FOI Act) for access to (a) the federal Education Minister’s diary in a ‘weekly format’ for the three months leading up to the 9 May 2017 budget and (b) any background or briefing documents referred to in the diary relating to the preparation of the budget.
In a written notice, within the time specified by the Act, the Minister’s office refused access to the material, stating as its reasons:
(1) The diary was exempt from disclosure because its entire contents, including references to meetings with department officials and other cabinet ministers, were private, not intended for public release and did not pertain to government affairs.
(2) Even if parts of the diary were covered by the Act, it would take an estimated 600 hours to determine which parts of the diary were not exempt, and this would unreasonably interfere with the work of the Minister and unreasonably divert the resources of his Chief of Staff, who was the only person in the Minister’s office delegated to respond to FOI requests.
(3) Even if parts of the diary were covered by the Act, both the diary and any background or briefing documents referred to in the diary are exempt from disclosure as deliberative processes documents.
The notice offered Jasmine a two-day consultation period in which to consult with the Chief of Staff about possibly revising her request, provided that she come to Canberra for the consultation because the issues were too confidential to discuss on the phone or on-line.
Jasmine replied in writing, rejecting the consultation offer as inadequate, financially prohibitive and insulting, and stating that she did not wish to review her request because she was determined to expose the government’s political agenda to slash education funding.
After receiving Jasmine’s response, the Minister told parliament that she had no intention of giving Jasmine access to any documents because Jasmine was a ‘radical activist’ and a ‘socialist’ whose motives were to cause public confusion, embarrass the government and incite a rebellion among students.
Jasmine now wants to challenge the decision by the Minister’s office to refuse her FOI requests.
This assignment requires research to find the relevant legislation, guidelines and cases. In your submission, you must examine, apply or distinguish all applicable cases, including (but not limited to) the following decisions:
Dreyfus and Attorney-General (Commonwealth of Australia) (Freedom of Information) [2015] AATA 995
The Australian and Prime Minister of Australia [2016] AlCmr 84
Paul Farrell and Prime Minister of Australia (Freedom of Information) [2017] AlCmr 44
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Study Applications
Book for this course: Garrett, B. (2015). Brain & behavior: An introduction to biological psychology (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA:
For your Study Applications assignment, you will apply learnings from the course as well as personal and professional ethics and behaviors. You will consider ways to apply your findings from your literature review and your proposed study, as well as principles, theories, and research in biological psychology to other careers outside of psychology, and to society in the form of public policy and professional practice.
To create your Study Applications, address the questions that follow below. Use research findings reported in the articles you reported in u07a1, along with other sources, such as previous readings from the course, the textbook, and additional Capella library sources to support and add depth to your answers. Your references should appear at the end of the paper. The entire paper must be in current APA style and format.
Identify careers, other than psychology, that might benefit from a foundational knowledge of biological psychology.<br> How can principles and theories of biological psychology be applied in professional practice in psychology and other professions?
Within a context of social and cultural differences, describe practical applications of biological psychology to understanding values that underlie society, and the role of ethics in social practices and behaviors.
How relevant has studying biological psychology been to your life, and how will you apply what you have learned in this course to your life?
Format your paper using the following headings, as well as the Study Applications Template (linked in Resources)
Study applications.
Careers.
Professional practice.
Values.
Future life.
References
You may insert additional sub-headings where necessary.
Paper Requirements
Written communication: Written communication is free of errors that detract from the overall message.
Format: Resources and citations are formatted according to current APA style and formatting. Use the Study Application Template, linked in Resources. In the final section of the assignment you are asked to apply the theories and principles of biological psychology to your own life and career. In this portion of the assignment, 1st person language is acceptable, in other sections, the 3rd person rule continues to apply.
Number of resources: Minimum of 3–5 peer-reviewed journal articles. Length of paper: 10–15 typed double-spaced pages. Font and font size: Times new Roman, 12 point
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For your Study Applications assignment, you will apply learnings from the course as well as personal and professional ethics and behaviors. You will consider ways to apply your findings from your literature review and your proposed study, as well as principles, theories, and research in biological psychology to other careers outside of psychology, and to society in the form of public policy and professional practice.
To create your Study Applications, address the questions that follow below. Use research findings reported in the articles you reported in u07a1, along with other sources, such as previous readings from the course, the textbook, and additional Capella library sources to support and add depth to your answers. Your references should appear at the end of the paper. The entire paper must be in current APA style and format.
Identify careers, other than psychology, that might benefit from a foundational knowledge of biological psychology.<br> How can principles and theories of biological psychology be applied in professional practice in psychology and other professions?
Within a context of social and cultural differences, describe practical applications of biological psychology to understanding values that underlie society, and the role of ethics in social practices and behaviors.
How relevant has studying biological psychology been to your life, and how will you apply what you have learned in this course to your life?
Format your paper using the following headings, as well as the Study Applications Template (linked in Resources)
Study applications.
Careers.
Professional practice.
Values.
Future life.
References
You may insert additional sub-headings where necessary.
Paper Requirements
Written communication: Written communication is free of errors that detract from the overall message.
Format: Resources and citations are formatted according to current APA style and formatting. Use the Study Application Template, linked in Resources. In the final section of the assignment you are asked to apply the theories and principles of biological psychology to your own life and career. In this portion of the assignment, 1st person language is acceptable, in other sections, the 3rd person rule continues to apply.
Number of resources: Minimum of 3–5 peer-reviewed journal articles. Length of paper: 10–15 typed double-spaced pages. Font and font size: Times new Roman, 12 point
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Community policing
We should not think of community policing as a program that is owned by the government and imposed on the people. Community policing in its best form is owned and operated by the citizens who work with not only the police but any public agency to solve problems. Locate at least one example independent of any that might be provided in the text and at least one quality peer reviewed source and evaluate how a well formed community policing effort not only includes participation by citizens but is owned by the citizens of the area that it is used in. In approximately 150 words summarize what you have learned and cite the sources you have used. Then, in approximately 300 words, address the following issues; 1) What other agencies, public or private can be helpful to a community policing project? 2) How can conflicts in leadership be handled so that the overall effectiveness of the effort is not damaged? 3) What would be some of the determining factors in developing a long range plan for the continuation of the success of the community policing effort? Follow Up Posts After your initial post, read over the items posted by your peers. Select two different posts, and address the following items in your responses: 1) Is there convincing evidence that a community policing effort can truly be citizen led? 2) There will be times of conflict in any community policing program. Do any of the articles or comments that you read clearly describe how to deal with these conflicts? 3) Of the posts that you reviewed, which has the best example of a successful community policing program? Describe why you selected the program and give examples as to what makes it appear to be successful.
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