Athens and Sparta at the end of the 6th century BC.

Essay #1—Discuss the origins, development, and the similarities and differences between the political institutions of Athens and Sparta at the end of the 6th century BC.  Consider first the origins of the common features of Greek poleis as they emerged from the Dark Age.  How did the Athenians and Spartans adapt these institutions to suit their respective needs?  What circumstances (social, economic, and political) caused the two cities to develop differently?  Finally, consider why the Athenians consider the nature of the differences.  Why did the Athenians believe their constitution to be “democratic” and the Spartan “oligarchic”?  Is Athens really more democratic than Sparta? Why, or why not?

Essay #2—Discuss the role of prophecy in Greek mythological tales.  How and why do the gods communicate with mortals in these stories?  Does prophecy in Greek mythology simply inform mortals of an unalterable future, or do the gods use prophecy to guide human behavior?  Use examples of prophecy from the works of Homer and Sophocles to support your position.

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